College SAT Requirements How to Find What SAT Score You Need

School SAT Requirements How to Find What SAT Score You Need SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Perhaps you definitely know your top school decision. Presently you need to realize what SAT score you have to get into your fantasy school. Shockingly, there’s no basic answer. By and large, there is no SAT score prerequisite that promises you confirmation, particularly for the most specific schools. On the other hand, there typically isn’t a SAT score that will naturally exclude you from affirmation since schools utilize all encompassing confirmations. Your application will be assessed on your GPA, extracurricular exercises, proposals, individual paper, and SAT score. In any case, your SAT score will altogether improve or diminish your probability of affirmation, and you can utilize accessible measurements to decide the SAT score you have to improve your odds of having the option to go to a specific school. Schools for the most part say that they don't have SAT prerequisites, however in the event that you get a 800 and need to go to Harvard, factually, you have almost a 0% possibility of picking up affirmation. In this article, I will talk about SAT score prerequisites and how your SAT score impacts the school confirmations process. Will Your SAT Score Guarantee Your College Admission? Alone, your SAT score can't ensure your school acknowledgment. At the most specific schools, even understudies with impeccable SAT scores are routinely dismissed. Recall that your SAT score is just a single segment of your application, though a significant one. An article from a 2013 version of Stanford Magazine expressed that 69% of Stanford candidates from the past 5 years with immaculate 2400 SAT scores (on the old test) were denied confirmation. What's more, from that point forward, the general acknowledgment rate to Stanford has dropped even lower. While your SAT score alone can't ensure your admission to a particular school, there are universities where your SAT score joined with your GPA can ensure confirmation. For California understudies, at the University of California, if your evaluations and state administered test scores joined are in the top 9% of California secondary school graduates and you're not acknowledged to any of the UC grounds you apply to, you'll be offered a spot at another grounds if space is accessible. Moreover, different states have ensured affirmation at a few or the entirety of their state funded colleges on the off chance that you acquire a specific GPA and SAT score. A portion of the states that offer ensured confirmation incorporate Iowa, Nevada, Texas, and Missouri. You should check the confirmations prerequisites on a school's site to check whether there is a comparative program and to discover the GPA and SAT score necessities for programmed affirmation. What Score Do You Need to Increase Your Chances of Admission? The SAT score required to improve your chances of picking up admission to a school changes relying upon the school. By and large, you should focus on at any rate the 75th percentile SAT score of that school for your score to emphatically impact your application. Most schools distribute their 25th and 75th percentile scores. The rationale behind this procedure is that if your SAT score is well over the score of most of understudies at the school, at that point your SAT score will without a doubt help you when your application is assessed. Recall that on the off chance that you score over the 75th percentile for a school, at that point you've scored higher than at any rate 75% of the understudies who go there. Your scores will contrast well with those of current understudies and that will altogether improve your odds of getting in. In any event, during the years when Stanford dismissed 69% of candidates with flawless SAT scores, the 31% acknowledgment rate for understudies with immaculate SAT scores was a whole lot higher than the general acknowledgment rate. During that time, the acknowledgment rate was 6%-8%. Understudies who got flawless SAT scores gave themselves a drastically preferable possibility of being acknowledged over on the off chance that they had gotten a normal score for a Stanford candidate. On the off chance that your SAT score is nearer to the 25th percentile, at that point another part of your application ought to be extraordinary to have a sensible taken shots at confirmation. In the event that your score is essentially lower than the 25th percentile, your chances of getting in are thin. Step by step instructions to Find a School's 25th/75th Percentile SAT Scores To discover a school's 25th and 75th percentile SAT scores, you can utilize the PrepScholar database. We've accomplished the work for you. On your preferred internet searcher, you can connect (school name) SAT necessities prepscholar and you'll find the solutions you're searching for. For instance, in case you're looking for UCLA, simply Google UCLA SAT prerequisites prepscholar. Here is all the data for Stanford University. For another model, here is all the data for the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Likewise, you should discover a school's arrangement with respect to score decision and superscoring. PrepScholar school profiles give that information to you also. Step by step instructions to Determine Your SAT Target Score While planning for your SAT, you ought to have an objective score as a top priority. Your objective score can impact your examining, test-taking systems, and propel you to continue improving your SAT abilities. Here's the way to decide your SAT target score. Make a rundown of the schools you're keen on applying to. The normal of their 75th percentile SAT scores will be your objective score. To decide your segment target scores, separate your SAT target score by 2. In case you're applying to a building or science program, your math score can be marginally higher. Essentially, in case you're applying to a humanities program, your perusing and composing score can be somewhat higher. For increasingly explicit data about SAT target scores, look at the post on what's a decent SAT score. Will Getting a Low SAT Score Prevent You From Going to College? Getting a low SAT score may keep you from getting into the school you had always wanted, yet it shouldn't prevent you from heading off to college. There are various schools that don't require SAT scores by any stretch of the imagination. Likewise, most junior colleges don't require SAT scores. You generally have the alternative of setting off to a 2-year school and moving to a 4-year college. Remember that in the event that you do ineffectively on your SAT, high evaluations in school prep classes can make up for low grades. How well you do in four years of secondary school is more imperative to universities than how well you do on one government sanctioned test. Be that as it may, in the event that you need to contend in NCAA sports, there are least SAT and ACT scores you should be qualified to contend. It's as yet conceivable to get into school on the off chance that you have low SAT scores. There may not be severe SAT prerequisites for explicit universities or school when all is said in done, yet excelling on your SAT should give you more school alternatives and improve your probability that you'll be admitted to the universities you need to join in. What's Next? For those of you despite everything planning to arrive at your SAT target score, read these articles on the most proficient method to improve your SAT score and how to get an ideal SAT score. Likewise, figure out how to manufacture the most adaptable school application. Disillusioned with your scores? Need to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've composed a guide about the main 5 systems you should use to have a taken shots at improving your score. Download it with the expectation of complimentary at this point: Have companions who likewise need assistance with test prep? Offer this article! Tweet Justin Berkman About the Author Justin has broad experience showing SAT prep and managing secondary school understudies through the school affirmations and choice procedure. He is immovably dedicated to improving value in instruction and helping understudies to arrive at their instructive objectives. Justin got an athletic grant for tumbling at Stanford University and graduated with a BA in American Studies. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on the most proficient method to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. No spam ever. hbspt.forms.create({ portalId: '360031', formId: '2167ba30-e68e-4777-b88d-8bf3c84579af', formInstanceId: '2', submitButtonClass: 'btn-red-light btn', target: '#hubspot-container2', redirectUrl: 'http://ww2.prepscholar.com/blog-buy in bless your heart', css: '.post-base .hs-form.stacked name {display:none;} .post-base .hs-form.stacked .field div.input {padding-top: 55px; cushioning left: 300px;} .post-base .hs-input {width: 220px} .post-base .btn-essential, .hs-button.primary {margin-top:0px; cushioning left:350px} .post-base .hs-structure field {margin-bottom:5px}' }); $(function(){ $(.exclusive-tip-structure #hubspot-container2 label).hide(); }); work replace_tag(a, b){ $(a).each(function(index) { var thisTD = this; var newElement = $(); $.each(this.attributes, function(index) { $(newElement).attr(thisTD.attributes[index].name, thisTD.attributes[index].value); }); $(this).after(newElement).remove(); }); } $(function(){ replace_tag($(.posts-by-point h3), h2); }) Pose an Inquiry BelowHave any inquiries regarding this article or different subjects? 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The Seeds of Ageism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Seeds of Ageism - Assignment Example Ageism is an amalgamation of generalizations convictions, separation practices, partiality assessments. Ageism is ascribed to the changing segment drifts in different piece of the world. Future is improved therefore individuals live for a more extended length and may have a sound existence (Marques Presentation FLARE31Aug). As per the United Nations maturing list, the quantity of people over the age of 60 years is equivalent to the quantity of people between the age of 0-14 years this feature the way that older individuals are equivalent in number to the youthful populace. Further, Europe saw a maturing list of 136.2 in 2007 while it is foreseen to improve to 229.7 in 2050 (Ageism in Europe). These information demonstrate that there will be an extreme modification in populace structure in future which will have enduring ramifications on the general public as far as work markets, development both financial and formative, the conduct of purchaser just as wellbeing frameworks. These suggestions are not normal to ignore as they are going to change the structure of the general public. Wellbeing frameworks are going to influence to a more noteworthy degree as they need to observe new standards. Numbness of any sort prompts bias or ageism. Ageism has a contrary ramifications and it portrays the disposition an individual presentation towards older individuals. As indicated by Nelson (2002), Older grown-ups in the United States will in general be underestimated, standardized and deprived of responsibility, matchless quality and in the end their qualification. Thinking about the history, individuals used to regard their older folks and gave them extraordinary respect and regard, they were viewed as guide and educators who are experienced to assist them with reaching the arrangement in the event that if any issue emerge. It was viewed as heavenly on the off chance that one lives for over 50 years old (Branco and Williamson, 1982).â

Where is my mind

Where is my mind DID YOU KNOW? The MIT school fight song, The Engineers Drinking Song was originally derived from the song A Son of a Gambolier by my childhood friend Charles Ives. Hokay, so I still do exist and I still do blog once in a while. Ive been feeling kind of floaty these past few weeks, like theres a quote from The Unbearable Lightness of Being to describe my current situation, but I cant remember it because I didnt end up liking that book as much as I hoped. God, I sound like Paula Abdul. Guys, I have a great joke. Q: Why was six afraid of seven? A: Because seven ate nine. Q: Why was seven afraid of eight? A: Mathematical induction. But seriously, guys, everythings really up in the air right now. Ive got six days to choose a grad school. Ive got it narrowed down to the sketchy liberal slums of UC Berkeley and the sprawling Spanish resort paradise of Stanford. But its hardgrad school is different because you dont only have to choose a place to spend then next five years of your life, you also have to find an adviser to whom you can relinquish control of you academic future. Theres one dude at Stanford, Tom Jaramillo, who Id really like to relinquish myself to. But then at Berkeley I see some awesome atmospheric chemistry stuff, and, well, its hard, unlike choosing MIT for undergrad. You know it! More immediately, I have no summer plans. This afternoon I met with the incomparable Dr. Sigrid Berka, who found me my summer internship in Germany last summer. Its kind of too late to find an internship in another country right now, which is cool because my one requirement for a job this summer is NOT TECHNICAL. So she suggested that I just go around Germany interviewing other interns and blogging and getting paid by MIT. Well, thats not too bad a deal. But tomorrow Im heading down to JP Licks for free scoop day. The last time I was there, there was a help wanted signso Im hoping itll still be there and that the place wont be too crowded for me to pick up an application. Im actually hoping for kind of a combination of the two at this pointactually, my dream would probably be to travel around Europe scooping ice cream for different MIT students. Since every third store in Germany is, by law, an Eiscafe, its actually kind of a feasible dream. Also of interest, I went camping with Conner 2 this weekend. There was also a cabin to stay in, but, you know, were not losers. I am, however, kind of clumsy, because somehow in between buying some delicious Apple Dapples in New Hampshire and leaving the cabin, I managed to misplace my wallet. Luckily, I saved my MIT ID, which is good because all MIT IDs printed after 2008 make me want to hurl when I look at them. Sorry, its true. Anyhoo, Im pretty sure I know where I left it in the cabin, so I just have to wait until the cabin is inhabited again so I can ask people to look for it. Im actually not too worried about losing my drivers license or anything, because the pictures bad, and there was only one dollar in the wallet itself. So I might have to get my debit card replaced, at worst. But I had a free movie coupon for LSC that I earned by paying full price for ten movies, and also I was only one falafel away from a free falafel at the Couscous Kitchen food truck. I feel totally naked now. In the meantime, Im really super glad that I have a passport, because Ruth 07 awesomely scored tickets to see The Colbert Report on Wednesday, so were skipping all of our classes and making a $15 Chinatown bus trip down to New York City to see it. Covet! Anyway, I have like 87 German-related assignments to do for tomorrow, because Im the biggest slacker on Earth. Oh, its true. But remember, dont you start slacking this last quarter just because you got into MIT or anythingif Marilee Jones catches you slacking, shell come to your house and kill your dog. For fun. So dont push her!

Food Insecurity And Its Effects On Health - 1258 Words

Food insecurity is defined as â€Å"limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods or limited or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways.†1 Food insecurity data found that in America, 12.7% of households were food insecure at some point and 5% of households had very low food security in 2015.2 The prevalence of food insecurity in Ohio was greater than the national average in 2015, with 16.1% of households reporting food insecurity.2 The position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND), formerly the American Dietetic Association, recognizes that in order to promote food security for all Americans, action is needed and incorporates the several aspects of interventions needed†¦show more content†¦In a report published in the Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, respondents of focus groups conducted at several food pantries indicated that the topic of shopping and stretching food dollars was the greatest in interest for nutrition education.6 Of all the nutrition education topics presented, the three of greatest interest included shopping and stretching food dollars, cooking and making tasty, low-cost food, and healthful foods and nutrition.6 Several studies have looked at the relationship of nutrition education on the topic of food insecurity. In one study, The Effect of Food Stamp Nutrition Education on the Food Insecurity of Low-income Women Participants, found that Food Stamp Nutrition Education (FSNE) significantly improved food insecurity and food insufficiency.7 This study looked at women 18 years of age of older who were responsible for purchasing or managing food for the household, who qualified to receive food stamps.7 The FSNE included a five-session intervention based on the social cognitive theory that was conducted by either a trained assistant, peer educator, or paraprofessional.7 The intervention sessions could be tailored to the individual’sShow MoreRelatedFood Insecurity And Hunger Among Children795 Words   |  4 PagesKvinge ENGL 1101 Oct 31, 2017 Food Insecurity Many people don’t realize the sever issue that hunger can bring to their community, only because of the lack of knowledge on the situation. Food insecurity is the state of being without reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food. Hunger is a feeling of discomfort or weakness caused by lack of food, coupled with the desire to eat. Food and hunger are some of biggest social and public health issues people are dealing withRead MoreFood Insecurity Among The Aging Population765 Words   |  4 Pagesthe level of food insecurity among the aging population. In 2012 15.3% of the aging faced a threat of food insecurity. Further from 2001 to 2012 there was a 44% increase in the aging population experiencing hunger (Ziliak Gundersen, 2013). In 2008 8.1% of households with an elderly individual living in the residence were food insecure, and 8.8% of the elderly living alone were food insecure (Coleman-Jenson, Nord, Andrews, Carlson, 2009). After a dip in 2 010 rates of food insecurity among the agingRead MoreThe Effect Of Nutrition On Children And Its Economic Impact1549 Words   |  7 PagesThe Value of Nutrition in Children and its Economic Impact Nutrition is the elements in food and drinks that are essential for the body to function, grow, and sustain a healthy life. Proper nutrition is particularly important to children and the lasting effects of inadequate or poor nutrition can be detrimental to a child’s long-term health and well-being. Nutrition plays a crucial role in the physical and mental development of children and can have a striking impact as they progress through theirRead MoreEssay on Poverty in America: Hungry Children1601 Words   |  7 Pagespoor people in this country that cant afford to buy food for their families; many are homeless. â€Å"While hunger affects people of all ages, its particularly devastating for children even short-term episodes of hunger can cause lasting damage (â€Å"Child Nutrition Programs). Child hunger in the United States is caused by poverty, unemployment, food insecurity, and food shortage; however there are many solutions to this problem like FRAC strategies, food banks , summer feeding programs, and backpack feedingRead MoreChild Hunger in the USA Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pagesthere are many people that cant afford to buy food for their families, many are also homeless. â€Å"While hunger affects people of all ages, its particularly devastating for children even short-term episodes of hunger can cause lasting damage.(â€Å"Child Nutrition Programs) Child hunger in the United States is caused by poverty, unemployment, food insecurity, and food shortage; however there are many solutions to this problem like FRAC strategies, food banks, summer feeding programs, and backpack feedingRead MoreFood Insecurity Is Not Associated With Children With Disabilities1116 Words   |  5 PagesFood Insecurity in U.S. Households That Include Children with Disabilities Food insecurity refers to â€Å"the lack of adequate, nutritious, and safe foods, typically due to financial resource constraints† (Bickel, et al. 43). Food insecurity is not associated with the overall diet quality. Envision not knowing when or where the next meal will be coming from. â€Å"Improving household food security is a chance for society to help enhance the outcome of families that struggle with food insecurities.† MakingRead MoreCollege Students Are At Risk For Hunger1405 Words   |  6 Pagestheir own food, do not buy the most nutritious meals which includes the infamous ramen for lunch or dinner. Two articles that discuss students experiencing food insecurity are â€Å"Students Shouldn’t Have to Choose Between Books and Food† by Clare Cady explains how low-income students cannot afford the food provided on campus because of other responsibilities which tend to relate to school whether its textbooks or transportation to get to class. The other article, â€Å"Student Food Insecurity: The SkeletonRead MoreDiabetes in the Latino Community1648 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Diabetes is a prevalent health disparity among the Latino population. Diabetes is listed as the fifth leading cause of death among the Latino population in the website for Center for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, in 2009. According to McBean, â€Å"the 2001 prevalence among Hispanics was significantly higher than among blacks.† (2317) In other words among the Hispanic or Latino community, there is a higher occurrence of diabetes as compared to other racial/ethnic groups such as BlacksRead MoreThe Causes Of Eating Disorders In College Women1444 Words   |  6 PagesThough these conditions can appear in any age or gender group, they tend to be most prevalent in adolescent women. A large population of these young women happen to be college students dealing with problems such as body image issues, food insecurity, and other mental health disorders. Unfortunately, the number of college students with eating disorders is steadily rising in the United States, which is why it is important for colleges and universities to find solutions for it. Part of the reason thatRead MoreGender Inequality And The Workplace1630 Words   |  7 Pagesand well-being by gender have potential to effect inequity in material hardship. Food security, a component of material hardship, which is associated with poverty and labor participation, also shows gender differences in impact and prevalence (LeBlanc, Betsey, Blaylock, 2005). Women have higher rates of food insecurity than men. Additionally, research has shown among the food insecure, women are more likely to have more adversarial health effects than food insecure men (Martin Lippert, 2012; Pan

Essay On The New York Trade Center - 718 Words

In what is considered to be the most devastating event in history, and the largest terrorist attack in American history, the New York Trade Center was rammed by jetliners just three days ago, creating an inconceivable scene seemingly from a movie. Ash, fire, glass, shrapnel, screams, sirens, and terror filled the streets of New York City after 19 terrorists from the group, al-Qaeda took control of two jets and flew them into the North and South tower on the morning of September 11th, 2001. An official death toll has not yet been reported as bodies are constantly being discovered throughout the disastrous scene. There is presumably many individuals that were stuck inside as there was no time to prepare for the roof to cave in on top of†¦show more content†¦The hijackers were said to have been armed with knives and boxcutters as one woman, Barbara Olson, managed to reach out to her husband through a cell phone box before the plane made impact. Mayor Rudolph W Giuliani stated t hat has â€Å"a sense that it’s a horrendous number of lives lost† and â€Å"right now [they] have to focus on saving as many lives possible.† At first, the man behind this act was unknown as no one took responsibility. Shortly thereafter they came to the realization that an attack to this scale and sophistication would take extraordinary planning. It would require experience to take over modern jetliners, and along with this, the major attacks on American soil in recent years led them to believe that Osama Bin Laden was responsible. Since addressed about the suspicion, he has denied the claims made by the United States government. Following the attack, President Bush has claimed that â€Å"the search is underway for those who are behind the evil acts† and that he â€Å"will make no distinction between the terrorists who committed these acts and those who harbor them†. Since the attacks, flights have all been shut down along with all airports. International flights have been diverted to Canada and the Mexican and Canadian borders have been closed off. Major buildings and infrastructures have such been evacuated, such as Disney theme parks and the Golden gate bridge in preparation for another attack to follow. Public transportation to the capital of the world, NewShow MoreRelatedHeritage Of The Ship989 Words   |  4 PagesWorld Trade Center on 9/11 emerged a ship containing seven and a half tons of steel recovered from the World Trade Center’s twin towers. Senior Enlisted Leaders should ensure they educate others why heritage comes from knowing history, which is important because it helps to create pride within the service. This essay presents the NEW YORK ship namesakes and their significance to the heritage of the U.S. Navy. Past Before 1911 there were already five ships named after the state of New York. TheRead MoreInformative Essay About the Twin Towers Going Green1130 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay was written to inform people about the rebuilding of the World Trade Center, and its new standards for its new green technology. September 11th, 2001. This was one of the darkest days in all of American history. A terrorist attack on the U.S.A. that left so many horrified for the future. The event of 9-11 emphasizes how important it is for Americans to stand together, thus revealing that because of negative events, a positive future will soon follow. As previously known, the UnitedRead Moreprofile essay1041 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Profile essay New York City How do you describe New York City in other words? I can describe New York City that never sleep. This is the biggest and the most wonderful city I have ever visited. New york is realy big city. Everybody imagine to live or visit there. That is the dream city. Constructions are so high and well organized especially in Manhattan. The buildings are so astonishingly tall and eye-catching. These buildings encompass the most distinctive architectureRead MoreGlabalization and Climate Change Essay1301 Words   |  6 PagesSteve Sanders English 201 January 3, 2008 Synthesis Essay Globalization and climate change The climate is changing whether its wanted or not these events of melted polar ice caps, dramatic changes in weather; drought, warmer wetter winters and rising sea levels, also increased Co2 emissions in the atmosphere are only of few changes that have been increased by globalization. The economic pressure that is being forced is causing more harm to our living planet then some seem to know. TryingRead MoreResistance and Opposition From the first slaves came resistance and rebellion in hopes of gaining700 Words   |  3 Pagesthe first slaves came resistance and rebellion in hopes of gaining freedom or simply to make the life of their owners miserable. The African people first began to rebel in their homeland. 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Bush September 20, 2011 Address to Congress On September 11, 2001 the American nation was shaken with news of a terrorist attack on the World Trade Center towers in New York City. Fear and panic commandeered the spirits of American citizens as they awaited to hear if their loved one had perished, if another attack had been planned for somewhere else in the United States, and how their nation would rise from the ashes to face another tomorrow. Not only had their nation been attacked, but

Media Culture the Triumph of the Spectacle Free Essays

string(66) " through hundreds of years of wars and other major public events\." Media Culture: the Triumph of the Spectacle â€Å"Media culture is a contested terrain across which key social groups and competing political ideologies struggle for dominance and . . . We will write a custom essay sample on Media Culture: the Triumph of the Spectacle or any similar topic only for you Order Now individuals live these struggles through the images, discourses, myths, and spectacle of media culture† -Douglas Kellner, Media Culture Table of Contents Introduction——————————————————————————————-3 History of Media————————————————————————————-4 Media Spectacle————————————————————————————–5 Douglas Kellner’s Contribution Guy Debord’s Influential Analysis of Spectacle——-7 The Spectacle Form of Media Culture—————————————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€8 The Spectacle in the World of Business———————————————————-9 The World of Celebrities————————————————————————–10 The Madonna Phenomenon———————————————————————–10 The World of Politics——————————————————————————11 Conclusion———————†”——————————————————————13 Bibliography—————————————————————————————-14 Introduction At the end of the twentieth century, society became more and more aware of the changes in communication technology. People began to see changes in ommunication between individuals, changes in how individuals and society communicated, and changes in communication between societies and cultures. This led to an understanding of human development. The ability to communicate with the help of symbols is one of the fundamental features that differentiate us from the rest of the animal world. Without these practical communication skills and the intellectua l capacity needed to use these skills to transmit, preserve, and propagate thoughts, emotions, and values, it would not have been possible to create such unique religious, ideological, and philosophical systems. Furthermore, without communication, we would not have art. Art has had a strong relationship with the media throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. New inventions and technology created a very favorable atmosphere for the development of new methods and means of communication. These new communication methods both benefited and furthered events within society. At the end of the 20th century, advanced methods and technologies in the field of communication fully changed the face of the world. Due to this change, some say it is very hard to find the line between reality and the reality that has been created and filtered by media. Some contemporary communication theoreticians have said that we find ourselves in the era of the simulation of the world. History of Media Mass media, a term that arose in the United States in the early 20th century with the advent of far-reaching advertising campaigns and news networks, includes all those mediums through which information is distributed to the masses. This includes advertisements, newspapers, magazines, radio, television, and the internet. According to some scientists, people started to speak of the media as far back as ancient Greece and Rome. These discussions of media focused mostly on the rhetoric surrounding the practice of persuasion. The Greek philosopher Aristotle said that rhetoric is â€Å"the faculty of discovering in any particular case all the methods of persuasion. † This kind of communication puts a heavy emphasis on meaning, and how the meaning is constructed and conveyed. Current mass media works in a similar way. One of the most important goals f today’s media is to construct a message that will convince the receiver to agree to do or believe something. The earliest surv iving copy of a paper book, a Kumarajiva translation of the Hindu text The Diamond Sutra, is dated 868 CE (AD). Due to the slow spread of literacy among the common people, and the relatively high cost of paper and production of written media, written materials did not exist as widespread media until Johannes Gutenberg’s 1450 CE invention of the printing press with movable type. Thanks to Gutenberg’s invention, printed materials suddenly became much less expensive, and the spread of information in the form of written material became much easier. However, much of the population still remained illiterate and the cost of publishing printed materials remained high enough to limit media from reaching a wide range of the population. Newspapers were first developed in 1605. The first English-language newspaper was published in Amsterdam in 1620. Soon after that, newspapers published in England, and, eventually, in America, began to reach mass audiences directly. Around this same time, America was being colonized, and printed and written materials played an important role. Revolutionary material such as Thomas Paine’s Common Sense was published and distributed to the colonists, allowing the spread of ideas that eventually resulted in the creation of the United States. The Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Mayflower Compact1 were all examples of early colonial and American documents that figured prominently in the development of America as a nation. In the 1940s, new technologies and advancements in the field of media began to emerge. Radio began to play a major role in mass communication, as America went to war. Radio could provide information much faster than newspapers. These new advents in technology allowed media to gain significance, new meaning, and wider function. Radio, film, advertising, and the press grew as industries and became the center of the culture of communication within the U. S. nd within other capitalist democracies. The culture of media became a dominant force within all aspects of life, including politics and social life. 2 It was the beginning of a new era. The media industry began to concentrate on the invention of new technologies. They both wanted to provide people with a wide range of different good s from which they could choose but also wanted to continue to develop ways in which to reach and influence people. The media could now easily affect the minds of the public, forcing the people to accept a particular set of beliefs, which occasionally diverted from actual reality. Societies started to be manipulated and people were indoctrinated. The main goal of media was and still is to be persuasive enough to attract the attention of a potential receiver, and one of the most convenient ways to accomplish this goal is through the multimedia spectacle. Media Spectacle ‘Media spectacle’ is a term created by Douglas Kellner to describe the creation by modern media of a display of contemporary dreams, nightmares, fantasies and values. The phenomenon of media spectacle has evolved over centuries, starting in ancient Greece and moving forward through hundreds of years of wars and other major public events. You read "Media Culture: the Triumph of the Spectacle" in category "Papers" Today, media spectacle continually strives to achieve sensation and attract attention. In the contemporary world, media spectacle exists in nearly all spheres of our lives. The role of the media is not only to inform, educate, teach, and persuade but also to entertain. The role of media today might suggest that the â€Å"fun factor† has become the leading motivation for our involvement in media and information. The main goal in media is now to attract the visual attention of potential consumers. Therefore, images have become more important than text. It is also very important for the creators and producers of media to keep up with ongoing changes in public interest and attitudes, so media companies face a continual need to be flexible and creative in order to reach consumers. This applies not only to advertisment but also to political and entertainment media in general. Media not only needs to be visual and relevant, but also attractive. Advertisers, public relations departments, and political campaigners need to create messages that are structured in an attractive way, so that it reaches viewers and corresponds to their high expectations of mass media. If this is not done, the consumer will likely not respond to the media. It frequently occurs that a person is faced with a constant influx of media. The information that he or she is presented with may come from a variety of sources, and is likely both true and false information. Over time, it may become difficult for the consumer to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong; to distinguish between reality and fiction. Modern life is shaped by media. It is a power that affects both conscious and subconscious decisions and shapes ideas. We are surrounded by media. Boorstin writes that â€Å"each society and its culture are impelled by fascination with the image and the stimulation and due to it lost its grounding in substance or reality†. 3 Douglas Kellner’s Contribution Guy Debord’s Influential Analysis of Spectacle Widely recognized social scientist Douglas Kellner and sociologist Guy Debord focused heavily on the topic of the Media Spectacle and its impact on perceived reality. Kellner is the author of the article â€Å"Media Culture and the Triumph of the Spectacle. † The scope of his activity and achievement includes membership in the American Sociological Association. He was also a member of the editorial service board of many journals including Theory, Culture, and Society. It is this journal that for more than twenty years has published some of the most innovative works in social science. It has been in the forefront of the renewal of cultural sociology. It provides a forum for articles that theorize the relationship between culture and society. In his article Kellner refers to ideas put forward by Guy Deboard. He is known for his impact through the group known as Situationist International. This was a libertarian group that came to prominence during the May Events in France in 1968. This band of avant-garde artists and intellectuals was influenced by Dada, Surrealism and Letterism and concerned themselves with the infusion of poetry and music, and with the transformation of the urban landscape. At first, the group was principally concerned with the suppression of art, that is to say they wished, like the Dadaist and the Surrealists before them, to supercede the boundary between art and culture as separate activities and to transform them into part of everyday life. In their analysis, the Situationists argue that capitalism limited life as a spectacle. The spectacle is the main concept of their theory (in many ways they reworked Marx’s view of alienation). They say that the worker is alienated from his product and from his fellow worker and finds himself living in an alien world; moreover, they argue that capitalism, in order to ensure its economic growth, has created â€Å"pseudo-needs† to increase the consumption. According to this theory, modern society, or consumer society, is now a society of spectacular commodity consumption. People within this spectacle are treated like objects, rather than like active subjects. In this theory, people are like marionettes whose strings are pulled by invisible power. The Situationists’ idea was, in spite of all kinds of separation, to make a world in which individuals could directly produce their own life; in other words, to engage people in an active, creative life. The solution, for them, was not to wait for a distant revolution but to take a different approach, a â€Å"step by step† process of the reinvention of everyday life, here and now. To transform peoples’ participation in the world was for them the same thing as changing the structure of society. In the place of the society of the spectacle the Situationists proposed a society without money, commodity production, private property, wage labour, class division, based generally on communist ideas. The most important tenet of the proposal was that the so-called pseudo-needs would be replaced by real desires. This utopial ideal seemed to some to be slightly out of touch with reality but aimed to move the focus of the world away from lies and distortion. The Situationists placed a large amount of focus on the concept that individuals should actively and consciously participate in the reconstruction of every moment of life. They called themselves Situationists because they believed that all individuals should construct the situations of their lives, release their own potential, and obtain their own pleasure. The Spectacle-Form of Media Culture As I wrote earlier, spectacle culture has expanded in every area of life â€Å"and is becoming one of the organizing principles of the economy, polity, society†4. Guy Debord argues that â€Å"spectacle is†¦ social relation among people, mediated by images. The spectacle †¦ is a world vision, which has become objectified. . . in all its specific forms, as information or propaganda, as advertisement or direct entertainment consumption, the spectacle is the present model of socially dominant life†¦. â€Å"5. The spectacle phenomenon in this case refers to both high culture and to low cultural shows. The development of new media technologies made it easier for media to exercise influence over contemporary societies and cultures. In these societies media presented with images has the edge over plain texts. The visual spectacle, which combines all aspects of culture that communicate through visual means, made itself the ruler of the â€Å"outside world†. Factories and offices where people work are visually soaked environments. Films, television, video games, and the internet are also part of the influx of visual media that affects our thinking and behaviors. Moreover, we comunicate with the help of visualization. When we are trying to cross over cultural boundaries, our knowledge is often communicated visually, for example, we may use visual cues such as map boundaries and business graphs and data. The Spectacle in the World of Business The propagation of the spectacle is a major aspect of business, and plays a decisive role in whether any given corporation will succeed or not. Businesses, in order to survive, need to be present and visible for the potential customer. Entertainment and advertisement are the powers that support the business world through various of methods, one of which is creating a ‘pseudo event’. The idea of a ‘pseudo event’ was put forward by Daniel Boorstin, an American historian, who claimed that America and other countries find themselves in an age of illusion. The ‘pseudo event’ occurs where â€Å"an event is planned and staged entirely for the media, which accrues significance through the scale of its media coverage rather than through any more disinterested assessment of its importance†. 6 So to speak â€Å"pseudo event† exist for sole purpose of supporting media publicity and serves little to no other function in real life and is considered â€Å"real† only after viewing through news, advertisements, television, or other types of media. An extremely simple example is sitting for a family portrait. The event serves no other purpose than to be viewed through a photograph. Other examples include media spectacles, and many types of news. The World of Celebrities Media contributes to the creation of celebrities. â€Å"The celebrity†¦ is the human pseudo event, fabricated for the media and evaluated in terms of the scale and effectiveness of its media yisibility†. 7 A famous person provides dominant role models and icons of fashion, style, personality, and, at the same time, leads to the enrichment of the media industry. Media entrepreneurs want celebrities involved with their projects because they believe this will help them attract audiences. Film producers use stars as mean of attracting investment to their projects. Marketers use public celebrity statements as a means of profiling and branding their products. Sports promoters use celebrity athletes to attract media attention and increase the number of people who would come to that sport event. Celebrities also make money for the individual concerned. Their success depends on various handlers and image managers that help them to develop their public persona. Celebrities invade all kinds of sites today, ranging from contests in shopping malls to the management of major political campaigns. The importance of publicity, promotion and the exploitation of the media event are omnipresent. The Madonna Phenomenon Madonna became a master in her use of image with the help of mass media. Daniel Borstin is responsible for one of the most widely quoted aphorisms about celebrity: â€Å"the celebrity is a person who is well-known for his well-knownness. . . the celebrity develops its capacity for fame, not by achieving great things, but by differentiating its own personality from those of its competitors in the public arena. â€Å"8   Madonna has achieved just that. She has total control over her shows. She writes the songs, produces the music, and designs the stage sets. She controls all aspects of her show; not just her spectacle, but also all the things she does, including her films and public appearances. Madonna’s entire life turns around the presentation of her image. Madonna is one of the greatest PR machines in history and she has hired top agents, publicists, and creative personnel to market her and produce her images. From the beginning her every move was surrounded by publicity and year after year Madonna references in media culture have proliferate d. â€Å"9   The circulation of an image plays a very important role as well. Madonna constantly changes her public image. Whoever she is at the moment; a good girl gone bad or a virgin in white, a glamour queen or a cosmic spirit or, finally, a doting mother, her ability to change images every couple of years has fascinated the world, and has been vital in her success. There is also other side of the coin, the pessimistic one, that assumes that Madonna is a victim of her own image, or that she finds herself in an artificially constructed reality. That problem is not only a problem for her, but also for our culture as a whole. Image is dominating more and more of our lives. The World of Politics â€Å"The brutal reality of the modern age is that all famous people are treated like celebrities by mass media, whether they be a great political figure, a worthy campaigner, an artist touched by genius, a serial killer. The newspapers and television programs responsible for their publicity do not draw any meaningful distinction between how they are publicised. â€Å"10 The most significant thing is to make a spectacle of oneself in order to be recognizable. If you want to gain the state of being popular you have to make yourself highly desirable, and the most important thing is to be visible through the media. No special achievements are needed to be popular; only the attraction of public attention is required. In the world of politics, if one wants to be good politician, one has to be spectacular. The management of the media’ reporting of politics has become increasingly important to contemporary political campaigns. Public relations consultants, media advisers, and press officers have become standard components of the contemporary world of politics. Media spectacle is also an inseparable part of politics. It can often be seen that most well-known people engage in politics. This can be interpreted as political manipulation. It is possible that it is useful because spectators find it easier to identify with a celebrity that they know from TV than with a person that they are seeing for the first time. Conclusion In the contemporary world, mass media, and as a part of mass media, media spectacle, play very important roles. So many people live their lives or parts of their lives vicariously through the image world of the media- through TV, through soap operas, through any media outlet. Everything is just a matter of subjective perspective; everything is relative, depending on where you stand. Everything turns around the world we choose or create for ourselves. There is no reality, there are only images, different images. We can only see the world from where we stand, from that context, that language, that constructed reality. In other words, the things that you say and do are all coming from the outside-from the world of media. The real you is lost. Life becomes virtual, and we are living in the image. Bibliography: 1. Reader â€Å"Literary and Cultural Representation of American Society: Visual Media†, Prof. Dr. R. Isensee, â€Å"Super Media, A Cultural Studies Approach†, Michael R. Real, pp. 26 2. â€Å"Media Culture, Cultural studies, identity and politics between the modern and the postmodern. †, Douglas Kellner, pp. 16. 3. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 4. Reader â€Å"Literary and Cultural Representation of American Society: Visual Media†, Prof. Dr. R. Isensee, â€Å"Media Culture and the Triumph of the Spectacle†, Douglas Kellner, pp. 1. 5. Debord Guy, â€Å"Separation Perfected†, in Evans and Hall(eds. ), â€Å"Visual Culture†,the Reader. Sage Publication, pp. 95-96 6. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 7. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 8. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 5. 9. â€Å"Media Culture, Cultural studies, identity and politics between the modern and the postmodern. †, Douglas Kellner, pp. 268 10. â€Å"Understanding celebrity†, Graeme Turner, Introduction, pp. 7. 11. â€Å"Visual Persuation- The Role of Images in Advertising†, Paul Messaris 12 â€Å"Mass Media and Society†(second edition), editied by James Curran and Michael Gurevitch. How to cite Media Culture: the Triumph of the Spectacle, Papers

Customer-Centric Project Courier Company of Melbourne

Question: Discuss about the case study Customer-Centric Project for Courier Company of Melbourne. Answer: Introduction Fast Forwarding is a courier company of Melbourne that was established 5 years ago but it has been found that the particular company has been growing rapidly over the last 12 months. This has resulted into expansion of the business nationally. The particular company has the objective to deliver anything to anywhere within Australia rapidly. The services that the particular organization offers range from overnight, same day and standard courier services. The company employs more than 85 staffs across its three offices that are located in Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne in different roles of administration, warehouse, sales and marketing. However, at present the firm has hit a lull and thus the business has dropped certainly. Therefore, the aim of this assignment is to streamline the present practices within the organization, to improve the productivity and also to help in order to put the practices into place with the aim to get the financial position back on their feet. The present Continuous Improvement Policy and Procedure of the organization Fast Forwarding is composed of firstly, client satisfaction surveys, secondly, unsolicited feedback and thirdly, management reviews. The objectives of this Continuous Improvement Policy and Procedure of the firm Fast Forwarding are to fulfill the mission, values and goals of the organization and also to operate the business effectively and efficiently. The reason behind this is to meet the demands and needs of the stakeholders and the customers of the company (Truss, Mankin and Kelliher 2012). It has been found that improvement in all the activities of the organization is considered as an important factor as it helps the company to run successfully in future (Schermerhorn 2013). However, by detailed analysis, it has been found that there are several gaps between the company and its clients and stakeholders. In addition to this, there is a gap in between the communication process of the management and the emp loyees of the firm. Therefore, in order to strengthen the strategy of the organization, development of new ways is an essential factor that encourages and supports the staffs of the firm along with its operation and regulation actively. In other words, it can be said that the present Continuous Improvement Policy and Procedure should be updated, such that the decision making processes can be regulated rapidly (Robbins and Coulter 2014). The current Continuous Improvement Policy can be updated by modifying the particular system such that it helps the management of the organization in communicating with all its stakeholders. This can be modified by implementing the vertical communication process within the organization. This will help to communicate between the management and the stakeholders in both directions. The vertical communication can be implemented within the firm through the arrangement of meetings at regular interval of time (Robbins and Coulter 2011). This will help to com municate between the management department of the organization Fast Forwarding and its stakeholders. Secondly, all the team members of Fast Forwarding should be informed about the outcomes of the Continuous improvement efforts, thus arrangement meeting is an essential factor. The communication between the high level and lower level management with the staffs of the firm will help all the team members to get informed regarding the outcomes of continuous improvement efforts (Noe 2014). Lastly, by maintaining ethical practices and also by meeting the accepted industry standards, the particular firm can maintain its sustainability. It has been found that within the present organization Fast Forwarding, there is a major missing gap regarding the supporting employees in order to implement the continuous improvement processes of the firm that is monitoring and coaching. The close analysis has found that within the organization Fast Forwarding there is no process to support the staffs of the firm through mentoring and coaching. Therefore, the development of an effective coaching and mentoring processes is an essential factor in order to ensure the support of the teams and an individual (Mondy and Mondy 2012). An effective coaching and mentoring process can be developed through key five steps. These are firstly, to access the needs of the organization or of the employees. Secondly, to set up the goals and also to clarify the expectations of both the employees and the management of the firm is the objective of this development program (Schermerhorn 2014). Thirdly, the aim of this development program that is to mento r and coach the employees of the firm Fast Forwarding is to highlight on cultivating the relationship. Fourthly, the management should look for opportunities in order to maintain the contact with the employees of the firm in order to update them regarding the continuous improvement processes. Lastly, the management should build up a mentoring network in order to justify the significance of the particular mentoring and coaching program within the firm in order to upgrade the technological skills of the staffs (Hitt, Black and Porter 2012). This particular process includes both horizontal and vertical communication procedures. The reasons behind this are the horizontal communication helps to communicate between the employees of the organization. This helps them to discuss regarding the technological skills they learnt in the coaching and mentoring program among themselves. On the other hand, the vertical communication helps in communicating between the upper level management and the lower level management (McDonnell 2012). In addition to this, the vertical communication also helps to communicate between the management of an organization and its employees in both the directions. Thus, it helps to reduce the major missing gap between the management and the staffs of the organization. It has been found that a major client of Fast Forwarding i.e. Build with Us took their business elsewhere, thus the business of Fast Forwarding has certainly dropped down. This situation has provided a massive shock to all the employees of Fast Forwarding. A detailed analysis has found that the organization Fast Forwarding was unable to deliver the products on time, as Build with Us required on-line ordering of services along with tracking of their deliveries at all time. However, Fast Forwarding was unable to provide these services as the present IT system of Fast Forwarding was incapable to offer tracking deliveries due to lack of adequate support. In addition to these, it has also been found that delay in the deliveries of the goods occurred due to the system of manual recording of dispatch items within the firm Fast Forwarding. Therefore, a new company strategy should be implemented in order to ensure operational progress and customer service within the firm (Harrin and Peplow 20 12). The new strategies that the firm Fast Forwarding should implement include firstly, the IT department of Fast Forwarding should be developed such that the on-line ordering of services and the tracking of deliveries could be done easily and rapidly. Secondly, the support to the IT system of Fast Forwarding should be increased. Thirdly, the top management should become more responsible such that any laggings in any particular department can be solved rapidly (Dessler 2014). Fourthly, the management should monitor the performance of each department regularly in order to enrich the operations of the firm as well as its customer service. Lastly, the performance of the staffs should be monitored by differentiating between the actual performance and the standard performance of the employees. According to the deviation, proper training should be provided to them in order to enhance the performance of both the employees and the company (Werner, Schuler and Jackson 2012). Moreover, the e nhancement of the employees performance will also enrich the customer service of the organization. The communication strategies that have been implemented in the Continuous Improvement Policy and Procedures are the horizontal communication and vertical communication. The reason behind this is that these types of communication process help to communicate and inform the staffs regarding the new changes. Moreover, it can be said that the most suitable communication strategies that can be applied in order to inform all the stakeholders of the firm Fast Forwarding follows the stated communication strategies. The information regarding the new company strategies can be communicated with the stakeholders in order to monitor the company operations through the following methods meetings, conference calls, emails, newsletters, posters, lunch or dinner meetings and voice mail (Dessler 2013). The present situation of the organization Fast Forwarding indicates that a future planning is an essential factor for the success of the business. Therefore, the following list ensures that the future planning has been undertaken within the organization Fast Forwarding: Planning and evaluation Planning helps the management to decide both the things to be contributed and the process to obtain it (Strohmeier 2013). The process of evaluation makes the management able to judge the impact of the plan, contributed changes in the situation and whether the goal can be achieved or not. To know important things about planning and evaluation The particular challenges that the non-profit organizations face with the context of planning The most common issues that arises from any ineffective planning To ensure that the particular plan is useful and it contributes to an effective result The planning and the evaluation of the process should be participative The process of planning and evaluating it should be in a systematic order The particular planning should involve agreements regarding the process and the duration when the achievements and progress will be evaluated The specific planning should be strategic An effective planning should require a major commitment from each individual within the firm Both the process of planning and evaluation should be considered as a cyclic process of learning and improvement To implement eight basic steps for planning Preparing to plan and ensuring commitment Analysis of the condition and needs To prioritize and to select the objectives Development of particular aims and goals Identification of alternative strategies and to select the most efficient one Implementation of plan Planning of evaluation Summarization of the total plan Conclusion Therefore, it can be concluded that for proper operation and regulation of any organization, implementation of continuous improvement policy and procedures is considered as an important factor. Thus, as per the provided case study, a detailed analysis has been made that indicates the importance of the implementation of this continuous improvement policy and procedure. In addition to this, the process of monitoring and coaching the staffs has also been highlighted. Moreover, the process of development of the new company strategies, various communication strategies that should be used to inform among the employees and the stakeholders of the company have also been analyzed in order to understand the future planning better. References Dessler, G. 2013.Human resource management. Boston [u.a.]: Pearson. Dessler, G. 2014.Fundamentals of human resource management. Boston: Pearson. Harrin, E. and Peplow, P. 2012.Customer-centric project management. Farnham, Surrey, England: Gower. Hitt, M., Black, S. and Porter, L. 2012.Management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. McDonnell, A. 2012. Global Human Resource Management Casebook.The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(7), pp.1507-1509. Mondy, R. and Mondy, J. 2012.Human resource management. Boston, MA.: Pearson Education. Noe, R. 2014.Fundamentals of human resource management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Robbins, S. and Coulter, M. 2011.Management. Boston [u.a.]: Pearson. Robbins, S. and Coulter, M. 2014.Management. Boston [u.a.]: Pearson. Schermerhorn, J. 2013.Management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Schermerhorn, J. 2014.Management. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd. Strohmeier, S. 2013. Employee relationship management Realizing competitive advantage through information technology?.Human Resource Management Review, 23(1), pp.93-104. Truss, C., Mankin, D. and Kelliher, C. 2012.Strategic human resource management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Werner, S., Schuler, R. and Jackson, S. 2012.Human resource management. Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning.

Financial Careers  free essay sample

What does the job involve? Well, its very varied, but basically fund-raisers organise special events like concerts and fun runs, ask governments for money, try to get support from local companies and organisations. Most major charities have fund-raising departments, which employ teams of workers. Some of these people do office work — others organise publicity, visit companies or arrange special events. Sounds interesting? Tycoon. A wealthy and powerful person in business or industry. If you are the independent, creative type, why not start your own business? Lots of people do these days. Some arent successful, of course, but plenty are —j and if you do succeed, the rewards of being your own boss can be. enormous. To become a business tycoon you need to have an original idea; be practical, reliable and well-organised; understand the business world; keep control of your finances. After that its all a question of hard work and luck, but then thats the key to success in any job. We will write a custom essay sample on Financial Careers  Ã‚   or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Financial journalist. Financial journalists work in three main areas — newspapers, radio and television. Their job is to understand whats happening in the financial world and explain it as quickly and accurately as possible. Economic journalists dont just report todays news, though. They need the ability to predict future events, too. Will interest rates rise or fall? Will the stock market go up or down? And what about trade are exports going to increase or decrease? To become a financial journalist you train as a general reporter first. Then you specialise in finance and economics. And when youve done that? Well, if you are lucky youll get a job in the media. One word of warning, though — financial journalism is a very competitive career. In Britain, for example, there are only 2,000 jobs available. Auctioneer. Two of the best-known auction houses in the world are Christies and Sothebys. The auctioneer who works there regularly sells famous paintings worth millions of pounds. But youd be wrong to think that auctioneers just sell Rembrandts and Van Goghs. Its much more varied career than that. Some auctioneers sell farm animals, for example. Others sell houses, antique furniture or even rock and roll memorabilia (i. e. guitars, cars, clothes etc. , which ones belonged to pop stars). And what does it take to be a good auctioneer? Well, three qualities are absolutely essential — a calm personality, a quick mind and (last but not least) a strong voice. Dealer. Dealers work for companies which buy and sell foreign currencies, commodities like oil or steel. They work in large, noisy, rooms, called dealing rooms and do most of their business over the phone and on computer screens. The majority of them are under 35. The majority of them also earn very big salaries because their work involves huge amounts of pressure and responsibility. You dont need a degree to be a dealer. What you do need, though, is talent, energy, confidence and ambition.

buy custom Management Planning Tools essay

buy custom Management Planning Tools essay Singapore Zoo lies with twenty eight hectares of land, in the Upper Selectar Reservoir. The reservoir lies within central catchment area, which is heavily forested. The zoo contains at least three hundred and fifteen animal species, and attracts more than 1.6 million visitors every year. The Zoo has always followed the modern pattern of displaying animals. The zoo displays animals in an open and naturalistic exhibit, having moats, barriers and glass between visitors and animals. The major activity at Singapore Zoo is viewing wildlife. The attractions include the Australian outback, which includes animals like Kangaroos, birds that can swallow metallic object and lizards having accessories around their necks. At the outback, visitors can encounter roos, grey kangaroos, dandy marsupials and agile wallabies skipping freely. there are rustic shed at the walkthrough sheds, showcasing a collection of educational interpretive and amazing reptiles. Another attraction is the critters longhous e, which houses curios critters, Goeldis monkeys, mousedeers, Kinkajous and leopard cats. at the cat country show, visitors come in close encounters with big cats like leopards, lions and the jaguar. In addition to this, Elephant of Asia is a show that recreationists can not fail to marvel at. It showcases the rich exotic Asian colors with the Asian elephants. The Singapore Zoo is also flashed up by the presence of the Orangutan Species and proboscis monkeys. there are educative information on these animals, that will leave the recreationist more knowledgeable on wildlife species, lifestyle and culture. Visitors also have the opportunity to experience Africa in the zoo, with the presence of Ethiopian baboon, the Hamadryas baboons, African lions, zebras, African wild dogs, Cheetahs, Giraffes, and White rhinos, all present at the wild Africa attractions. Because the zoo is a family recreation center, children have the opportunity to marvel too. Despite the above attractions, children can also experience the rainforest kidzworld which includes a variety of exhilarating activities. Rainforest contains educational and fun activities such as pony rides, horse carriages, and unique picturesque. Because the zoo attracts many visitors, the management is bound to face several issues relating to visits to the park. The major issue at the zoo is overcrowding. The park attracts many visitors that are sometimes beyond its carrying capacity. Over crowding causes many issues that both the management and visitors cannot ignore such as pressure on the available attractions and exceeding the carrying capacity. Over crowding also influences poor disposal of litter. It is difficult for visitors to allocate litter bins when people are crowded, which in turn influences visitors negligence and lack of responsibility towards disposing litter. Despite having litter bins, some visitors leave trash everywhere, which is a health hazard to the animals. Poor disposal of litter and trash may lead to the exposure of toxic substances to the air, leading to air pollution. Animals may swallow the litter, which contains a harmful substance such as pesticids and oil. In the long run, littering endangers the surrounding environment, as well as the stability of the park, especially the safety of animals. The management can use several approaches to manage these issues for the visitors benefit, as well as the benefit of the animals. In the planning and management approaches, Singapore Zoo management can utilize a number of available tools that make park and zoo management easy. These tools include the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS), the Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC), Visitor Activity Management Process (VAMP), Visitor Impact Management (VIM) and Visitor Experience Resource Protection (VERP). Visitor Impact Management This management tool covers a variety of techniques and processes for supervising visitors, their impacts and their activities in specific areas (Buckley, 2004). Public and private organizations in the tourism sector use this tool for managing natural areas that require special protection. VIMs focus is on the visitor impacts on specific locations. This management tool, just like the visitor Activity Management tool, relies on specific methods for its application. The methods include education, track hardening, time mechanisms, behaviour management and other design led solutions. VIM processes recognizes the standards and indicators for mangers to obtain desired goals. the managers at Singapore Zoo would need to state the zoos goals, in order to utilize this tool. The goals can range on the type of resources, activities, and the recreationists. Therefore, if the goal of the zoo is to maintain the animals health or increase visitors per year, the management can utilize VIM to help the zoo achieve this goal. In this aspect, the tool resembles Limits of Acceptable Change, though its techniques are simpler than those of LAC, and were the first ones to be developed. VIMs techniques are more familiarized to respond to the perceptions of managers instead of the stakeholders. Additionally, it is easy to incorporate VIMs processes for participation models. As stated earlier, VIM is most applicable in protected areas management. Despite this, it is compulsory to apply formal frameworks to influence its positive performance. One of the frameworks is VAMP, which includes a variety of steps. The steps include; Setting objectives and terms of reference, data analysis and development of databases, developing an alternative to concepts f visitor activities, plan documentation and finally, implementation. These processes can extend to include other steps, especially in areas with broader analysis scales. The additional steps would include reviewing and identifying issues, indicator selection, resources inventory, indicator standards specification, iterative monitoring process and implementation, impact versus standards comparison, and management alternative identification. Visitor management is a key concept to the functioning of the Department of Conservation (DOC) strategy, as it fosters utilization of historic and natural recreational resources. The DOC visitor strategy allows the managgement of design the management process by seeking to identify values, assessing potential visitor impacts, responding and monitoring the impacts and developing an ideal management regime. The focus of the Doc is to develop a standard process, which identifies key visitor impacts, especially on the values of the location. to do this effectively, the strategy employs the help of other management agencies like Geographic Information Systems. The Visitor Impact Management (VIM) addresses problem conditions, management strategies and potential causal factors (Pigram , Jenkins, 2006). The tool employs the same methods to assess and identify the effects as well as the causes. VIM aids managers in providing information that helps them control or reduce undesirable behaviour from visitors. In addition to this, VIM also suggests several approaches to that construct a scientific understanding of visitors impacts, nature and causes. It looks at impact relationships, activity-specific influences, impacts to varying tolerance. Lastly, VIM provides a means of managing or decreasing impacts of undesirable recreational use. East Coast Park managers could use this strategy to prevent or reduce the impacts of littering. Because it provides alternatives to the carrying capacity concept, the managers could use it to plan on the parks; carrying capacity in order to prevent overcrowding. Application the zoos management could use this tool to ensure that over crowding does not affect allocation of recreational activities. The framework helps the management develop various options for services and activities for visitors, and provide advices on activity approval plan. The zoos management would use tis framework to plan and ensure that the number of visitors to the park at any point coincides with the number of available resources. VIM should always be linked to the objectives of the overall management site. Its analysis and investigation sites should recognize the cause of impacts in order to allow the set up of deeper research and monitoring framework. VIM provides a means of managing or decreasing impacts of undesirable recreational use. Singapore zoo managers could use this strategy to prevent or reduce the impacts of littering. Because it provides alternatives to the carrying capacity concept, the managers could use it to plan on the zoo carrying capacity in order to prevent o vercrowding. In the past, Visitor Management was based on the interpretations and perceptions of managers on the ground. In addition to this, agencys policies and legislation drove its operations. Presently, stakeholders involvement is possible for reviewing relevant objectives, selecting central monitoring standards and indicators and initiating input into related strategies for management. This stakeholder involvement is beneficial in instances where there are suitable indicators of unacceptable consequences. In this case, the input of the public is able to identify relevant stakeholder perceptions on specific issues. In this respect, traditional VIM was similar to the processes of LAC. a Buy custom Management Planning Tools essay

Ergonomic Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ergonomic Problems - Essay Example These are all influenced by the psychological/physiological and psychosocial capabilities, limitations, and dimensions of the person; layout, design, position, control, and distance of machine; temperature, lighting, humidity, noise, and vibration of the environment. Explain the role of anthropometrics when solving ergonomic problems Anthropometrics enables the customization of machine controls, position, and design to adapt to the worker’s physical built, equivalent capability, and movements. Explain the role of biomechanics when solving ergonomic problems. Biomechanics help the worker or humans properly adhere to the capabilities of machines through adaptable dynamics modified to the body components. List the categories of workstations Workstation categories vary depending on the industry from engineering, manufacturing, business, robotics, and even homes. There are the computer workstations and music workstations. In the construction industry, these are Architectural Structures, Bricklayer, Building From Blueprints, Carpenter, Cement Mason, Construction Measurement, Drafting (Mechanical), Drywall Installer, Electric Motor Repair, Electrical Wiring / Electrician, Floor Coverings Installer, Glazier / Window Installation & Repair, Hydraulics, Insulation Installer, Landscape Design, Machinist, Painter, Plumber, Pneumatics, Power Mechanics/Small Engine Repair, Residential Plumbing, Residential Wiring, Roofer, Sheet Metal Worker, Telecommunications Technician, Tile Setter, Wall Coverings Installer, Welder, and Woodworker stations.

My views on leaders and leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

My views on leaders and leadership - Essay Example It is worth mentioning that effective leadership is vital for organizations in order to survive in today’s challenging business environment (Jackson, 2011). The paper will describe a reflective essay on the conception of leadership which I have observed during my career progress. The objective of the paper is also to describe the most competitive and effectual leadership approach which I have undergone during the journey of my professional life. My views on leaders and leadership According to my perception, leaders guide the followers. If no one follows a particular person willingly, then he/she cannot be termed as a leader. The word â€Å"leader† in my sense is that person who perceives an overall understanding of the operational and managerial duties to be accomplished within an organization (such as a school or a business establishment). Leaders always take the key position in fulfillment of responsibilities or series of tasks. However, the imparting of the title â⠂¬Å"leader† alone is not sufficient to define the philosophy of true leadership. It is my subjective opinion about the leader that a person’s distinct and specialized strengths can place the basis of his/her leadership achievements to be labeled as a leader. Contextually, the central leadership power and personalities are related with personal and special strengths. The leadership strength is again observed to be linked with a particular career, the assigned job roles and duties of a person (Jackson, 2011). In this regard, I have found that no precise and replicable association subsists between individuals in the leadership role and the certain personalities or strengths of those individuals associated with leader. In an organization today, the leadership and followership are positioned in the progressively complex, undefined and dynamic business context with numerous realities on the basis of several values, urgencies and requirements (Jackson, 2011). My views on follo wers and followership According to my viewpoint, the ideology of true leadership necessitates decent followers. Followers can be personified in numerous ways, who are employees, citizens, investors and individuals having faith in their leaders. My belief is that leadership cannot happen without an effective leader-follower association. Yet, at times, frequently followers are given less priority in the leader-follower relationship and are observed with a negative implication. Several professionals believe that becoming a follower is the second appropriate alternative for a person to become a leader. However, my viewpoint perceives that being an effectual follower is just as significant and necessary as being a successful leader. Often, it can be observed that before a person ends up as being an effectual leader in an organization, he/she initially had played the vital role of being a follower with efficiency. Essentially, followership is the capability or readiness of a person to fol low the leader. As leadership is incomplete without followership, no matter how the followers are labeled, they are just central to the ideology of leadership, being equivalent to the importance of organizational leaders (Ricketts, 2009). Leadership theories and experiences The leadership theories serve as a framework

Zea Mays Mendelian Inheritance Pattern

Zea Mays Mendelian Inheritance Pattern Mendelian Genetics Rough Draft Hypothesis I (Theory of Segregation) At anaphase I of meiosis, gamete formation causes a separation of alleles in a diploid organism. When the chromosomes separate each individual will receive an equal chance of inheriting a dominant or recessive allele from the mother or father. Because an albino and green offspring were observed within the same generation, the parents must be heterozygous since two recessive alleles must be inherited by the offspring to express a recessive albino trait following Mendels 3:1 (green: albino) ratio. Hypothesis II (Theory of Independent Assortment) During metaphase I of meiosis, the allele pairs of different genes will independently segregate from each other during the formation of gametes. The inheritance of an allele is independent of other pairs of alleles due to random alignment of chromosomes. Because there were two heterozygous plants for both height and color and were crossed, their offspring will follow Mendels ratio of 9:3:3:1. Materials Methods Obtaining and Maintaining Corn To assess the inheritance patterns of Zea Mays (corn plants) that contain chlorophyll and no chlorophyll and whether the phenotypes height is normal or dwarf in green or albino plants, the study was conducted at Pacific Lutheran Universitys Carol Sheffels Quigg Greenhouse. The trays of corn plants were monitored under artificial lights, controlled temperature, and watered by a student worker for approximately two weeks. Determining Green vs. Albino Seven trays of monohybrid corn plants were observed, and the height and color were used to describe the plants phenotype. Determining Normal vs. Dwarf Green vs. Albino Five trays of dihybrid corn plants were observed to distinguish between green and albino from normal and dwarf. For the dihybrid cross, they were observed using the inheritance of two genes, color, and height. The normal green height plants are dominant presented themselves as tall, spread out, and leaves were narrower, whereas the albino normal height plants are recessive and were portrayed as thin, lack of chlorophyll, and were wrinkly. The green dwarf plants had chlorophyll and were shorter, whereas the albino dwarf plants displayed a wrinkled texture and brown leaves. If some of the corn plants displayed brown or died over the course, they were omitted from this experiment. Data Analysis Determining the phenotypic ratio of the dihybrid cross, of the normal green height as well as green-dwarf, albino-normal height, and albino-dwarf seedlings, their predicted frequencies were determined using a Punnet square to calculate the possible genotypes and albino offspring to be present. Once these were determined, they were computed to conclude the frequencies for the monohybrid and dihybrid cross through a Chi2 test to get the expected and observed values. Results Table 1: Compares heterozygous seedlings that display the predicted number of green (G) and albino (W) when observing the phenotypic traits of chlorophyll and non-chlorophyll plants by Mendels first law of Segregation, (N=424) Zea Mays. Phenotype Predicted # of offspring Observed # of offspring G (chlorophyll) 318 354 W (non-chlorophyll) 106 70 The observed values were close to the phenotype prediction in the monohybrid cross, 75% displayed a dominant trait, and 25% a recessive trait. The expected and observed, (X2= 12, df = 1, p > 0.05), were not statistically significant. Table 2: Compares the predicted and observed phenotypes of green normal and dwarf height and albino normal and dwarf height offspring phenotypes as predicted by Mendels Theory of Independent Assortment to the number of observed phenotypes. Phenotype Predicted # of offspring Observed # of offspring Green / Normal Green / Dwarf Albino / Normal 152 51 51 151 71 15 Albino / Dwarf 16 34 Observed traits of normal vs. dwarf green plants and albino plants, the phenotypic frequencies expected value did not follow Mendels ratio of 9:3:3:1. The observed values, (X2 = 53.5, df = 3, p Conclusions   Ã‚   Our study supports the Mendelian inheritance pattern of Zea Mays that both the parent strains on the monohybrid cross (Table 1) were heterozygous. The expected and observed, (X2= 12, df = 1, p > 0.05), were statistically significant with Mendels first law of segregation expressing green or albino following the phenotype ratio of 3:1. Whereas, the parent strains on the dihybrid cross (Table 2) the observed values for the albino normal and albino dwarf (X2 = 53.5, df = 3, p

Personal Space in a Digital Age by Robert Sommer Essay -- gender, space

Robert Sommer, author of the text. Personal Space in a Digital Age suggests a relationship between age and gender in determining of personal space. He explains, â€Å"It has been interesting to observe personal space enter the popular culture. Airlines advertise more of it in their seating, homeless shelter residents complain that they have too little of it, and corporate training manuals warn employees to respect each other’s personal space. What is clear is that the concepts of personal space and interaction distance have lasted four decades and show no sign of disappearing even in a digital age when communication is increasingly aspatial.† Although most people feel bothered about questions of personal space, gender and age determines when a person begins to feel uncomfortable because psychology explains that people care who is in their space, because that researchers have proved that gender and age matters, because age research proves that when their personal space by both older or younger people they feel uncomfortable, and because the research on gender proves that when people are invaded by the opposite sex they also feel uncomfortable. Personal space has many factors that affect how different people react such as their culture, gender, race, age, etc. (The Development of Personal Space in Primary School Children - Springer 195). Personal space is when someone feels uncomfortable in his or her own space or bubble (Personal Space 1). People call their space a bubble so when someone gets to close it might pop (Wells 1). One-person controls how big or small the bubble is (Wells 1). There are four areas that break down space (Igarashi, Stade, and Vriens 4). Internal, mental, physical, and spiritual are the four boundaries that de... ...ells, Meredith M. "Measuring Personal Space." Psychology Teacher Network. N.p., 2002. Web. 15 Nov. 2013. 0CCkQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.org%2Fed%2Fprecollege%2Fptn%2F20 02%2F01%2Fissue.pdf&ei=ClSGUvXYMJCqkAfolIBY&usg=AFQjCNHZbzD_daKQY iRO5yr6xflgycn6Qg&bvm=bv.56643336,d.eW0>. Widang, Ingrid. "Patients’ Conceptions of Integrity." N.p., 2007. Web. 13 Nov. 2013. =0CDQQFjACOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diva- portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A4541%2FFULLTEXT01.pdf&ei=00GAUu2t OaPsyQGGuoFY&usg=AFQjCNE1Ifvl9dYscCwBYtqrRNaLA4u12Q>. Wolchover, Natalie. "Why Do We Have Personal Space?" Web log post. Live Science. Natalie Wolchover, 6 June 2012. Web. 3 Nov. 2013. personal-space.html>.

A Comparative Study of Human Resource Practices and Job Satisfaction in Public Healthcare Organisations in United Kingdom and Pakistan

Identification of important issues that determine job satisfaction of nurse may allow managers to develop strategies to increase job satisfaction nursing staff. The problem of the current quantitative research was to examine and compare the nurses’ job satisfaction at public healthcare organisations in U.K. and Pakistan.The purpose of the current study was to determine whether there were differences between factors and level of job satisfaction among nurses at two hospitals. The current quantitative research data were collected by using the Index Work Satisfaction (IWS) questionnaires (Stamps 1997). The sample for the current research was nurses who were employed in NHS and PIMS hospitals.For this study, a survey will be utilised as the primary method of acquiring the research data. The questionnaire will be comprised of closed-ended questions to get an accurate and complete data.The sample will consist of 53 employees from public healthcare service providers in United Kingdom and Pakistan. The sample of employees will be chosen randomly, however, the research will attempt to get a wide range of individuals.The findings revealed that nurses are dissatisfied with the amount of paper work required, lack of time to deliver quality care, administration who are perceived to be out of touch with daily problems, and lack of involvement in policy decision making. Different components that influence job satisfaction between NHS and PIMS nurses were also reported.NHS nurses reported twice as many dissatisfiers than PIMS nurses. The overall job satisfaction indicated that work satisfaction on both the NHS and PIMS hospitals is fairly low, according to Index of Work Satisfaction. However, PIMS has a higher level of job satisfaction than NHS.There is no better time than the present to analyse job satisfaction among professional nurses, especially those working in specialised units in hospitals, because of the changes and chaos occurring in the current environment.Num erous factors have affected the profession of nursing over the last five years. The driving force behind these factors is the economics of health care. The rising cost of health care has caused hospitals and other healthcare agencies to restructure their nursing care delivery systems.Simultaneously, technological advances have necessitated more sophisticated and complex care, acuity of patients has risen, and the length of stay in acute care facilities has dramatically been reduced (Murphy, Roch, Pepicello, & Murphy 1997).Past studies of job satisfaction among professional nurses have demonstrated relationships among satisfaction and positive and negative behaviours. High satisfaction is associated with positive behaviours such as high productivity, teamwork, and high morale, while low satisfaction is associated with negative behaviours such as absenteeism, high turnover rates, and conflict among employees (Boumans & Landerweerd 1994).Job satisfaction encompasses not only the worker s' adaptation to the organisation, but also what their work means to them and ways in which they and the organisation might adapt to their needs. Nurse managers need to assess the satisfaction of their employees, not to gain a sense of work satisfaction, but to gain knowledge that can be used to assist them and the organisation to create more meaningful and more satisfying jobs (Stamps 1997).The issue of job satisfaction has become more important to both employers of nurses and nurse employees since the beginning of health care reform and changes in the delivery of nursing care that have caused frustration and chaos among the staff nurses who are delivering the care to the patients.Managed care has changed the health care environment by putting economic constraints on hospitals. This has affected the nursing profession because the third party payers are dictating how nurses deliver care (Moore 1997).With the restructuring of nursing care delivery systems, nurses are working with dif ferent staff mixes and different staffing levels. With the increased use of unlicensed personnel, nurses have greater supervisory requirements to ensure quality care (Moore 1997).Many professional nurses have not been well prepared to manage their increasing supervisory responsibilities in the current healthcare environment. When employees are ill equipped for their jobs, dissatisfaction and ultimately negative behaviours result (Murphy et al. 1997).A study conducted by Shindul-Rothschild and Duffy, (1996) looked at nurses' views on health care reform and the practice of nursing. She found that nurses who experienced restructuring, downsizing, and the increased use of unlicensed personnel express concerns with decreased quality of nursing care. These nurses are required to do more with fewer resources so they cannot accomplish all the tasks and supervision that they are required to do.The nurses report they are taking care of more complex patients due to the seriousness of their ill nesses, but they have less time to practice nursing due the increased supervisory responsibilities. Thus, they report it has become difficult to provide high quality care to patients with the resources available and this is decreasing their job satisfaction (Corey-Lisle, Tarzian, Cohen, & Trinkoff 1999).The supply and demand of professional nurses has frequently been out of balance. According to Brewer (1997) when there is a nursing shortage, nurses are required to work long hours with an insufficient number of staff, ultimately leading to burnout and job dissatisfaction.She predicted that with the turmoil of the health care environment, another nursing shortage would occur in the near future (Brewer 1997). Critical care units have a particularly difficult time recruiting and retaining nurses in such times to fill their positions.Job satisfaction may vary depending on work settings. There has been no research comparing job satisfaction between developed and undeveloped countries pub lic healthcare providers.UK nurses have lower patient to staff ratios, fewer unlicensed personnel, no licensed practical nurses, and rely on modern technology like hemodynamic monitoring to help monitor patients. Pakistani nurses must supervise more licensed practical nurses and unlicensed personnel, lack hemodynamic monitoring assistance, and have a larger number of patients per staff member.Job satisfaction has incredible significance to the health care system. When employees are satisfied, productivity and morale increase. When employees are dissatisfied, employers encounter negative behaviours. Employees may decide to leave, morale and productivity decrease, absenteeism and tardiness increase, and conflict is more prevalent (Williams 1990).All of these factors have considerable implication for organisations. Low quality, absenteeism and the need to retrain and orient new employees add significant issues to organisations. Even more important are the effects these behaviours can h ave on patient outcomes. If the morale and productivity levels are low and stress levels are high, an increase in patient and staff injuries is likely (Wunderlich et al., 1996).Nurse administrators and managers need to be aware of job satisfaction because of its impact on morale, budget, productivity, and staff and patient injuries. Nurse administrators and managers can be proactive and develop strategies to assist in increasing job satisfaction among nurses. Nurse managers on specialty units need to assess job satisfaction closely because of the added difficulty recruiting and retaining qualified professional nurses for these units.Public Healthcare Organisations within UK and Pakistan The government organisations namely as National Health Service in UK and Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences in Pakistan, are the subjects of this dissertation. The part of study was based in the PIMS, which is one of the largest health public organisations in Pakistan. There were three main reaso ns for selecting this organisation for the study:1) Like several other large health public organisations (in Pakistan), PIMS has a well defined organisational structure comprised of a voluntary advisory board, paid employees and community based volunteers. Also, its general vision about the health care delivery, staffing pattern and range of salary, benefits and employee development activities are similar to other health public organisations. Hence, the lessons learnt from this organisation could be applied to other health public organisations.2) PIMS started providing community based primary health care services from mid 1980s. In a short period, it showed a significant improvement in health indicators in northern areas and its strategy of community participation in program planning and implementation became a model for other public organisations as well as private.Several public organisations adapted PIMS' strategy either fully or in part. Based on the lessons learnt from PIMS, th e government decided to include its philosophy of community involvement in health care delivery in its national health policy and also invited PIMS to help the government health department in replicating its strategy in the government setting (PIMS, 2007).PIMS' strategic direction and operational approaches have become a model for many other organisations working in the health sector in Pakistan. Thus, it was expected that the lessons learnt from this study in the PIMS would receive due attention by other public organisations as well as the government sector, resulting in wider acceptability and benefit.3) PIMS' keen interest in improving its performance further by conducting organisational research was also one of the reasons for selecting it as a study site. In this regard, a research agenda developed in consultation with the PIMS senior staff members was shared with the investigator before conceptualisation of this study.Based on the mutual need and the interest of PIMS and the i nvestigator, the research topic was finalised. Considering PIMS' serious interest in the topic it was expected that the research findings will be utilised by the organisation to develop better human resource management policies resulting in more efficient use of their resources and effective health care delivery to the communities in its program areas.Health Sector in PakistanPakistan a low-income country (http://www.worldbank.org.pk). The rural-urban division is sharp, as are the disparities between the rich and poor. According to the National Human Development Report (http://www.un.org.pk), almost one third of the people of Pakistan, mainly in rural areas, live below the official poverty line (income of less than US dollar a day per household).Inadequate social services and the high rate of population growth perpetuate poverty and the unequal distribution of wealth (http://www.oxfam.org.uk). The socio-economic indicators are worse than most of the countries in South Asia. United N ation's Human Development Index (http://www.unfpa.org) puts Pakistan at number 142 (out of 177).Each year the Pakistani government (federal and provincial combined) spends around GBP 5.0 per capita on education and GBP 2,5 per capita on health (2001 figures based on average exchange rate for GBP).Compared to this, the national expenditure on health per capita is around GBP 9.0, indicating a huge role of private and other health care providers (mainly NGOs), which cover around 76% of the total per capita health care expenditure (http://www.emro.who.int).There are not enough schools, health facilities or houses. The average number of people living in a house is seven; and half the population live in one-room housing units, with inadequate basic utilities, such as water, sanitation and electricity. Access to education and health services is limited, especially in the rural areas, and women and girls are at a particular disadvantage (http://www.oxfam.org.uk). Â